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Related Concept Videos

Capillary Exchange01:28

Capillary Exchange

The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular clefts.
Physiological Barriers01:25

Physiological Barriers

Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
The blood endothelial barrier is the most porous of these. It allows all small ionized, un-ionized, and lipophilic molecules to pass through the endothelial lining into the interstitial space...
Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow glass...
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
Capillary Beds01:20

Capillary Beds

Capillary beds are networks of tiny blood vessels that play a crucial role in the circulatory system. These beds are where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between the blood and surrounding tissues. Each capillary bed consists of numerous capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body, typically only one cell-thick. This thinness allows for the efficient diffusion of substances.
Capillaries connect arterioles, small branches of arteries, to venules,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Microfluidic Model to Mimic Initial Event of Neovascularization
10:01

Microfluidic Model to Mimic Initial Event of Neovascularization

Published on: April 10, 2021

Interfacial capillary barriers and direction-dependent DNAPL migration in vadose zone.

Yongqiang Chen1, Zhi Dou1, Meng Chen2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Groundwater Protection and Utilization-National Key Laboratory Cultivation and Development Site, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 21100, China.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) behave differently at sand-clay interfaces. Clay layers create stronger barriers, impacting DNAPL migration and retention in heterogeneous porous media.

Keywords:
DNAPLNuclear magnetic resonanceSand-clay interfaceSpontaneous infiltrationVadose zone

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Published on: May 19, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geosciences
  • Hydrogeology

Background:

  • Heterogeneous porous media with sand-clay interfaces are common in vadose zones.
  • Understanding Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) transport across these interfaces is crucial but poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate DNAPL spontaneous infiltration and transport mechanisms across sand-clay interfaces.
  • To analyze the influence of interfacial direction and lens type on DNAPL distribution.
  • To quantify the role of capillary barrier effects in DNAPL redistribution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a stratified nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodology with spin-echo single-point imaging (SE-SPI).
  • Enabled spatially-resolved T2 spectral analysis for real-time, non-destructive DNAPL monitoring.
  • Simulated distinct interfacial scenarios in variably configured sand-clay media.

Main Results:

  • DNAPL transport depth and distribution depend on interfacial crossing direction and lens type.
  • Migration from clay to sand causes accumulation above the interface; reverse migration leads to retention below.
  • Clay lenses exhibit a stronger capillary barrier effect than sand lenses, impeding vertical migration.

Conclusions:

  • Interfacial capillary barrier effects critically govern DNAPL redistribution patterns.
  • Proposed new metrics (retention rate, capillary retention efficiency) quantify these effects.
  • Provides insights for predicting DNAPL fate and optimizing remediation in heterogeneous environments.