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Trachea

Trachea

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of the...

Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes

Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes

A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening into the trachea, typically at the second or third cartilaginous ring level. This opening allows the insertion of a tracheostomy tube, which can replace an endotracheal tube, provide mechanical ventilation, bypass an upper airway obstruction, or remove accumulated tracheobronchial secretions.
Tracheostomy tubes can be made of semiflexible plastic (polyurethane or silicone), rigid plastic, or metal, and they come in...

Endotracheal Intubation I: Procedure

Endotracheal Intubation I: Procedure

Endotracheal or ET intubation is a critical medical procedure used to secure a patient's airway, often in acute respiratory distress, apnea, upper airway obstruction, ineffective clearance of secretions, high risk for aspiration, or during general anesthesia.
The ET tube comprises various components, including a standard adaptor to attach a bag-valve-mask (BVM) or ventilator, a cuff, a pilot balloon, and radiopaque markings along its length to measure the insertion distance. The tube sizes...

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...

Endotracheal Tube Extubation

Endotracheal Tube Extubation

Endotracheal tube extubation is a critical procedure in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. It involves physically removing the oral or nasal endotracheal (ET) tube, marking the final step in liberating a patient from ventilatory support.
Procedure
Extubation removes the endotracheal tube (ETT) from the patient on mechanical ventilation. It requires a well-coordinated, multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals.

Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

Published on: March 15, 2024

Wrong Tube: Tracheal Obstruction from Megaesophagus.

Adam Pearl¹, Abishek Roka¹

¹HCA Health Care Aventura Hospital, Aventura, Florida.

Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine

|July 15, 2026

Summary

A rare case of respiratory distress caused by megaesophagus compressing the trachea highlights the importance of considering gastrointestinal issues in airway obstruction evaluations. Broadening diagnostic considerations is crucial for accurate patient assessment.

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

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Published on: June 10, 2021

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Pulmonology
Internal Medicine

Background:

Megaesophagus, characterized by esophageal dilation and reduced peristalsis, can be congenital or acquired.
Acquired megaesophagus is often linked to achalasia, typically presenting with heartburn and regurgitation.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a rare case of respiratory distress and stridor caused by megaesophagus.
To emphasize the importance of a broad differential diagnosis in airway obstruction cases.

Main Methods:

A patient presented with acute respiratory distress and stridor, initially suspected to be foreign body airway obstruction.
Diagnostic evaluation revealed megaesophagus causing tracheal compression.

Main Results:

The patient's respiratory distress was attributed to tracheal compression by an enlarged esophagus (megaesophagus).
Standard foreign body airway obstruction protocols did not initially identify the esophageal cause.

Conclusions:

Megaesophagus can present atypically with respiratory symptoms, necessitating a broad differential diagnosis.
Avoiding diagnostic anchoring bias is critical, especially when a gastrointestinal condition mimics respiratory emergencies.