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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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NMR Relaxometry across ultra-wide range fields using atomic magnetometers.

Qianyue Qu¹, Lianglin Tang², Zeming Li²

¹State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)

|July 15, 2026

Summary

We developed a novel shuttle-based relaxometry system for nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) measurements. This system expands the measurable frequency range to eight orders of magnitude, offering enhanced sensitivity for molecular dynamics studies.

Keywords:

Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD)Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs)Shuttling NMR Ultra-low-field (ULF) NMR

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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

Area of Science:

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) measurements probe molecular dynamics through field-dependent relaxation rates.
Existing fast-field-cycling (FFC) relaxometers have limited sensitivity at low frequencies, while ultra-low-field (ULF) methods are restricted to sub-kilohertz bands.
A need exists for sensitive, wide-range relaxometry systems capable of probing diverse molecular dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a compact shuttle-based relaxometry system for wide-range NMRD measurements.
To benchmark the system's sensitivity and reproducibility against commercial FFC relaxometers.
To demonstrate the system's capability in studying molecular dynamics and mitigating susceptibility effects.

Main Methods:

Developed a shuttle-based relaxometry system with high-field prepolarization and programmable relaxation fields (nT to T).
Utilized multi-channel optically pumped magnetometers for arrayed detection.
Performed quantitative relaxometry on water, Gd-DTPA, and metal-organic framework solutions.

Main Results:

The system achieved quantitative agreement with a commercial FFC relaxometer from 10 kHz to 20 MHz.
Extended the measurement range to eight orders of magnitude (Hz to 100 MHz).
Demonstrated ULF detection's ability to mitigate susceptibility-induced internal field gradients in metal-organic frameworks.

Conclusions:

The developed platform enables wide-range, quantitative relaxometry, bridging ULF and FFC regimes.
The system naturally interfaces with low-field hyperpolarization techniques.
Potential applications include biomedical sensing, porous media analysis, and chemical screening.