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Updated: Jul 17, 2026

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Microgravity-Induced Muscle Atrophy in Rodent and Human Models‡.

Eileen Y Su1, Samantha Jones2, Benjamin R Tollitt2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
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Microgravity causes severe skeletal muscle atrophy, impacting muscle mass and function. Understanding these effects is key to developing countermeasures for spaceflight.

Area of Science:

  • Space biology
  • Skeletal muscle physiology
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Spaceflight induces significant skeletal muscle atrophy, particularly affecting postural muscles.
  • This leads to reduced muscle mass, cross-sectional area, and contractile force.
  • Countermeasures like exercise show limited success in preventing spaceflight-induced muscle loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare microgravity's effects on skeletal muscle atrophy in rodent, human, and in vitro models.
  • To highlight species-specific differences in muscle response to microgravity.
  • To evaluate the role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in spaceflight-induced muscle degradation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microgravity and skeletal muscle atrophy.
Keywords:
MicrogravityMitochondriaMuscle AtrophyROSSkeletal Muscle

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

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  • Comparative analysis of rodent and human physiological and cellular responses.
  • Examination of molecular adaptations, including mitochondrial function and oxidative stress.

    • Main Results:

    • Rodents show rapid atrophy, mainly in slow-twitch fibers; humans exhibit greater variability affecting both fiber types.
    • Microgravity triggers mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and impaired synaptogenesis.
    • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a significant role in muscle loss during spaceflight.

    Conclusions:

    • Microgravity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy presents a complex challenge with species-specific responses.
    • Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are critical cellular mechanisms.
    • Further research into ROS-mediated pathways is essential for developing effective therapeutics for astronauts.