Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Oral amoxicillin-clavulanate: an alternative treatment to refractory <i>Nocardia</i> keratitis-a case report.

ASM case reports·2026
Same author

Distinguishing Factors for Microbial Keratitis Groups: A Cross-Sectional Survey of US Cornea Specialists.

Cornea·2026
Same author

Combination Therapy of Cefiderocol and Polymyxin B Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis Isolates In Vitro.

Translational vision science & technology·2025
Same author

Infectious keratitis in Western New York: a 10-year review of patient demographics, clinical management, and treatment failure.

Frontiers in ophthalmology·2024
Same author

Male sex as an independent predictor of poor disease-specific survival in conjunctival melanoma.

International journal of dermatology·2024
Same author

Case Report: Scleral hyperpigmentation associated with oral hydroxychloroquine use.

Frontiers in ophthalmology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

Rare and Emerging Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens in Infectious Keratitis.

Prathishtha Pitchyaiah1, Rachel A F Wozniak1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States.

The Ocular Surface
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Infectious keratitis (corneal infection) is a leading cause of blindness. This review details rare and emerging bacterial and fungal pathogens, aiding diagnosis and treatment of this vision-threatening disease.

Keywords:
Infectious keratitiscorneal ulcersemerging pathogens

More Related Videos

Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis
09:22

Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis

Published on: May 12, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis
09:22

Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis

Published on: May 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Infectious keratitis (IK) is a significant global cause of blindness, often resulting from bacterial, fungal, viral, or protozoan infections.
  • While common pathogens are well-documented, advancements in diagnostics reveal rare and emerging organisms, complicating patient management and treatment.
  • Shifting IK epidemiology necessitates continuous updates on causative agents and their clinical impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current literature on rare and emerging bacterial and fungal pathogens causing infectious keratitis between 2015-2025.
  • To provide insights into global distribution, risk factors, interventions, and outcomes for these challenging IK cases.
  • To enhance the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of vision-threatening infectious keratitis.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on infectious keratitis pathogens reported between 2015-2025.
  • Categorization of pathogens into 'rare' (<3 cases/10 years) and 'emerging' (≥3 cases/10 years).
  • Analysis of global distribution, clinical risk factors, medical/surgical interventions, and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Identified 26 rare and 9 emerging bacterial pathogens, alongside 42 rare and 10 emerging fungal pathogens associated with IK.
  • Detailed the global epidemiology and specific clinical characteristics of these identified rare and emerging IK pathogens.
  • Summarized current medical and surgical management strategies and their associated clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Rare and emerging pathogens represent a growing challenge in infectious keratitis diagnosis and treatment.
  • Understanding the epidemiology and clinical features of these organisms is crucial for improving patient outcomes.
  • This review provides a critical update for clinicians managing complex cases of infectious keratitis.