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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

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A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
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In Utero PFAS Exposure, Inflammation, and Behavioral Problems in Childhood.

Sarah Rocha1, Jessica L Buthmann1, Chase Antonacci1

  • 1Stanford University, Department of Psychology, Building 420, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Environmental Research
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is linked to childhood internalizing problems, particularly in early years. Inflammation may be a contributing factor, but further research is needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a growing concern for child neurodevelopment.
  • Longitudinal data on PFAS and childhood behavioral problems, including immunological links, are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and behavioral problems in children.
  • To explore the potential mediating role of inflammation in these associations.

Main Methods:

  • A birth-cohort study followed 264 mother-infant dyads from prenatal exposure to 10.5 years post-delivery.
  • Umbilical cord blood was analyzed for 9 PFAS and 3 inflammatory markers.
  • Child Behavior Checklist data were collected at multiple time points (ages 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10.5 years).
  • Linear mixed-effects models and mediation analyses were employed.

Main Results:

  • Higher cord blood concentrations of PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA were associated with increased internalizing problems at age 2.
  • These associations weakened significantly as children aged, particularly for PFNA and PFDA.
  • Elevated cord blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels mediated the link between PFNA exposure and internalizing problems.

Conclusions:

  • In utero exposure to specific PFAS (PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA) is associated with more severe internalizing problems in early childhood (ages 2-4).
  • The observed associations tend to attenuate after age 7.
  • Inflammation, specifically IL-6, may represent a key pathway through which PFAS impacts child development, warranting further investigation.