Resilient federated intrusion detection with explainable AI: a robust CNN-LSTM architecture for extreme non-IID data...

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has led to a significant rise in security issues, as traditional centralized intrusion detection systems face difficulties in handling issues such as privacy concerns, communication bottlenecks, and heterogeneous data. Federated Learning (FL) is a new paradigm for collaborative learning that can be used to train intrusion detection systems without compromising user privacy. However, it is challenged by critical issues such as handling highly non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data, a common problem in heterogeneous IoT networks such as healthcare networks, financial networks, and industrial networks. In this paper, a novel CNN-LSTM architecture is proposed that is equipped with Explainable AI (XAI) to handle extreme cases of heterogeneous data in Federated Learning-based intrusion detection. Using the CIC-IDS2017 dataset and Dirichlet-based partitioning ([Formula: see text] our optimized CNN-LSTM model achieves a 97.36% centralized F1-score. We demonstrate that while architectural design provides highly stable robustness under moderate data heterogeneity ([Formula: see text]), extreme non-IID conditions ([Formula: see text]) trigger severe weight washing, dropping FedAvg performance to 71.53%. Through a comprehensive hyperparameter sweep, we prove that applying FedProx with a strong proximal penalty ([Formula: see text]) successfully mitigates this client drift, recovering the F1-score to 78.27%. Using SHAP, LIME, t-SNE, and PCA, we reveal that our model learns universal protocol-level features (Init_Win_bytes_forward, ACK Flag Count, and Fwd Packet Length Min) that remain invariant across heterogeneous networks. Finally, we demonstrate a highly stable detection is achieved for network-layer attacks, whereas application-layer intrusions (Web Attacks) suffer severe degradation, proving the fundamental limitations of flow-based features for payload-driven attacks.