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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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White matter microstructure and structural network alterations in children with global developmental delay.

Xiaona Zhu1, Pu Tian1, Xuerui Lv1

  • 1Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.

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|July 15, 2026
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Summary

Global developmental delay (GDD) in children is linked to disrupted white matter tracts and brain network connectivity. These imaging findings correlate with specific developmental deficits, suggesting impaired brain maturation.

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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: July 28, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Global developmental delay (GDD) affects 1-3% of children globally.
  • Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of GDD is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate white matter tract integrity and brain network connectivity in preschool children with GDD.
  • To utilize diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and graph-theoretical analysis for comprehensive assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-five children with GDD and 30 controls underwent 3.0-T MRI with DKI.
  • White matter integrity assessed using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS).
  • Brain network connectivity analyzed using graph-theoretical methods; Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese used for developmental assessment.

Main Results:

  • Children with GDD exhibited reduced kurtosis metrics in major white matter tracts (e.g., callosal, long association tracts).
  • Lower nodal and global network efficiency observed in GDD group, particularly in sensorimotor and frontoparietal-limbic regions.
  • Specific imaging metrics (mean kurtosis, radial kurtosis, global efficiency) correlated with language, eye-hand coordination, and performance scores.

Conclusions:

  • GDD is associated with significant disruptions in white matter microstructure and large-scale brain network communication.
  • These neuroimaging alterations may underlie the developmental impairments observed in children with GDD.
  • Findings highlight multilevel alterations in white matter maturation and network integration in GDD.