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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
08:46

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Published on: September 16, 2021

Fertility Treatment Using Assisted Reproductive Technology During Immune Checkpoint Inhibition: Report of Two Cases.

Keri Tomechko1, Tali Azenkot2, Deirdre A Conway3

  • 1University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.

The Oncologist
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization are feasible during prolonged immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer patients. This case series offers hope for family building during cancer survivorship.

Keywords:
Immune checkpoint inhibitorImmune related adverse eventOncofertilitySolid tumorSurvivorship

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Published on: October 24, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Limited data exist for fertility counseling in patients undergoing prolonged immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
  • Concerns include potential teratogenicity, diminished ovarian reserve, impaired spermatogenesis, and endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs) like hypophysitis.
  • Expanding ICI indications necessitate guidance for reproductive-aged cancer patients facing fertility decisions during treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present case studies of successful fertility treatments in patients receiving maintenance ICI therapy.
  • To explore the feasibility of assisted reproductive technology (ART) for family building during ICI treatment.
  • To highlight clinical questions regarding fertility preservation and treatment in cancer survivors on ICI therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a female lung cancer survivor undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo cryopreservation for surrogacy.
  • Case report of a male gastroesophageal junction cancer survivor and partner undergoing IVF and intrauterine insemination (IUI) for conception.
  • Utilized ART to support family building during maintenance ICI therapy.

Main Results:

  • The female patient successfully underwent IVF, resulting in six euploid blastocyst embryos for future gestational surrogacy.
  • The male patient and partner conceived healthy fraternal twins following IVF and a medicated IUI cycle.
  • Both cases demonstrate successful family building during maintenance ICI therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Fertility treatment, including IVF and IUI, appears feasible during maintenance immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
  • These case series provide preliminary evidence supporting ART use for family building in patients on ICI therapy.
  • Further prospective data are crucial to establish definitive guidelines for fertility management in this population.