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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Thyroid dysfunction and migraine across racial and age groups: A multinational cohort study.

Isaac Bai1, Niki Mascarenhas2, Kritika Maharjan3

  • 1Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

Headache
|July 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism significantly increase migraine risk across all races and ages. This large study highlights thyroid dysfunction as a key factor in migraine prevalence.

Keywords:
cohort studiesethnic groupshealth recordshyperthyroidismhypothyroidismmigraine

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Neurology
  • Public Health and Epidemiology

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, are globally prevalent.
  • Migraine is a leading cause of disability worldwide.
  • Previous research on thyroid dysfunction and migraine is limited by sample size and diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism with migraine.
  • To analyze these associations across different racial and age groups.
  • To utilize a large, multinational electronic health record database for robust analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using TriNetX Global Collaborative Network (over 200 million patients).
  • Identified adults (18-100 years) with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, excluding those with psychiatric or sleep disorders, epilepsy, or genetic mutations.
  • Compared thyroid cohorts with controls, balancing demographics and clinical characteristics; analyzed migraine diagnosis within 5 years.

Main Results:

  • Hypothyroidism associated with higher migraine odds in African American/Black (OR 2.04), White (OR 1.93), and Asian (OR 1.83) individuals.
  • Hyperthyroidism also linked to increased migraine odds, most in White (OR 1.64), followed by African American/Black (OR 1.28) and Asian (OR 1.18) individuals.
  • Elevated migraine odds observed across all age groups, generally increasing with age; findings consistent in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions:

  • Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are independently associated with increased migraine prevalence.
  • These associations are consistent across diverse racial and age demographics.
  • Thyroid dysfunction is an important comorbidity in migraine, warranting further investigation.