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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles01:30

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:11

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: April 20, 2018

Rethinking smoking assessment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: are we missing something?

Riccardo Gili1,2, Luigi Lorini1, Davide Smussi3

  • 1Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.

Frontiers in Oncology
|July 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Smoking duration, not pack-years, is a better predictor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) risk and survival. Integrated models assessing smoking duration may enhance personalized treatment strategies for HNSCC patients.

Keywords:
HNSCCexposurepacks year smokedsmokingtime

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Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment
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Published on: April 22, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:11

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: April 20, 2018

Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment
07:29

Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment

Published on: April 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Tobacco Research

Background:

  • Tobacco exposure is a key factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) development and outcomes.
  • Pack-years, the traditional measure of smoking, inadequately reflects the diverse risks associated with tobacco use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of different tobacco exposure metrics in predicting HNSCC risk and survival.
  • To highlight the limitations of pack-years and advocate for more comprehensive exposure assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological and clinical studies on tobacco exposure and HNSCC.
  • Comparison of prognostic roles of pack-years, smoking duration, and alternative tobacco product use.

Main Results:

  • Smoking duration is a stronger predictor of HNSCC risk and survival than pack-years, especially for long-term smokers.
  • Alternative tobacco products independently increase HNSCC risk and complicate exposure assessment.
  • Smoking cessation improves survival, while active smoking at diagnosis worsens treatment response.

Conclusions:

  • Pack-years alone are insufficient for accurate HNSCC risk stratification.
  • Integrated models incorporating smoking duration can improve prognostic accuracy and personalize treatment strategies for HNSCC.