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Sex-based differences in ocular trauma: a systematic review with narrative synthesis.
Marah Eltiti1, Omar Nusair2, Mohammad Soleimani3
1Department of Ophthalmology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Frontiers in Public Health
|July 16, 2026
Summary
Ocular trauma affects males more frequently, often from occupational or sports injuries, leading to poorer outcomes. Females experience more domestic or fall-related injuries, with distinct patterns and vulnerabilities observed across age groups.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Ocular trauma is a significant global cause of visual impairment and blindness.
- Previous reports suggest sex-based differences in ocular trauma, but comprehensive synthesis is lacking.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and synthesize existing evidence on sex-based differences in ocular trauma.
- To analyze variations across injury mechanisms, patterns, severity, and outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review and narrative synthesis of studies published between 2000 and 2025.
- Searches in PubMed/MEDLINE and manual screening of reference lists.
- Inclusion of 47 primary human studies with sex-disaggregated data on ocular trauma.
Main Results:
- Males represent the majority of ocular trauma cases, with higher rates of penetrating, sports-related, and occupational injuries.
- Females are more prone to domestic, fall-related, blunt, and violence-induced ocular trauma.
- Boys exhibit higher pediatric injury rates; older women are more vulnerable to falls.
Conclusions:
- Clinically significant sex-based differences in ocular trauma exist.
- Findings can inform targeted prevention strategies and patient management.
- Understanding these differences is crucial for reducing preventable vision loss.
