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Navyashree B1, Ramseena Thundiyil1, Junhui Lang2

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Copper-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films show tunable nonlinear optical properties. The 2 wt% Cu-TiO2 film exhibits enhanced nonlinear absorption and third-order nonlinear susceptibility, making it suitable for optical devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a versatile material with applications in optics.
  • Investigating dopant effects on TiO2's nonlinear optical (NLO) properties is crucial for advanced photonic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the impact of copper (Cu) doping on the NLO characteristics of TiO2 thin films.
  • To determine the optimal Cu concentration for enhanced NLO responses.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Cu-doped TiO2 thin films using spray pyrolysis.
  • Characterization using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).
  • Nonlinear optical measurements including Z-scan, second-harmonic generation (SHG), third-harmonic generation (THG), and Maker fringe technique.

Main Results:

  • XRD and XPS confirmed successful Cu incorporation into the anatase TiO2 lattice.
  • An intensity-dependent transition from saturable to reverse saturable absorption was observed.
  • The 2 wt% Cu-TiO2 film showed the highest nonlinear absorption and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3) = 3.85 × 10⁻²¹ m² V⁻²).
  • Enhanced THG performance was noted for Cu-doped films under picosecond excitation.

Conclusions:

  • Cu doping significantly enhances the NLO properties of TiO2 thin films.
  • The observed improvements are linked to Cu-induced defect states and lattice distortions.
  • Cu-TiO2 thin films are promising materials for optical limiting and ultrafast frequency conversion applications.