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Confidence Is Influenced by Evidence Accumulation Time in Dynamical Decision Models.

Sebastian Hellmann^1,2, Michael Zehetleitner¹, Manuel Rausch^1,3

¹Philosophisch-Pädagogische Fakultät, Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Professur für Allgemeine Psychologie II, Eichstätt, Germany.

Computational Brain & Behavior

|July 16, 2026

Summary

New research shows confidence judgments explicitly incorporate decision and post-decisional time. The dynamical visibility, time, and evidence (dynaViTE) model better explains the confidence-response time relationship in decision tasks.

Keywords:

Cognitive modeling Confidence Perceptual decision-making Response times Sequential sampling models

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Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Computational neuroscience
Decision science

Background:

Confidence judgments correlate with response times in decision tasks.
Sequential sampling models offer competing explanations for this relationship.
Previous models often favored those not explicitly including decision time in confidence computation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if confidence judgments explicitly incorporate decision and post-decisional accumulation time.
To propose and validate a novel model that includes time in confidence computation.

Main Methods:

Introduction of the dynamical visibility, time, and evidence (dynaViTE) model, an extension of the dynamical weighted evidence and visibility (dynWEV) model.
Model comparison using four established datasets from diverse perceptual decision tasks.
Evaluation of model fit to assess the role of time in confidence computation.

Main Results:

The dynaViTE model demonstrated a strong fit across multiple datasets.
Findings support the hypothesis that confidence explicitly accounts for decision time and post-decisional accumulation.
The correlation between confidence and response time is influenced by an explicit inclusion of time in confidence calculation.

Conclusions:

Confidence judgments are not solely based on accumulated evidence but also explicitly integrate temporal factors.
The dynaViTE model provides a better account of the confidence-response time relationship than models excluding explicit time components.
This highlights the critical role of time in the computation of subjective confidence during decision-making.