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Depth-sensitive optical property characterization using multi-frequency laparoscopic spatial frequency domain

Elias Kluiszo1, Luigi Belcastro1, Rasel Ahmmed1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.

Biomedical Optics Express
|July 16, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces a multi-frequency laparoscopic spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) method for precise optical property measurement in layered tissues. This advancement aids in planning and monitoring chemophototherapy for ovarian cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Medical Imaging
  • Cancer Therapy

Background:

  • Accurate optical properties (absorption and scattering) are crucial for planning and monitoring laparoscopic chemophototherapy (CPT) in ovarian cancer.
  • Current methods struggle with layered tissue complexities, impacting light dosimetry and fluorescence mapping.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To implement and validate a depth-sensitive, multi-frequency laparoscopic spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) framework.
  • To improve the estimation of optical properties in layered biological tissues for CPT applications.

Main Methods:

  • A DMD-based laparoscope was used to image two-layer phantoms with controlled optical properties and thicknesses.
  • Multi-frequency SFDI data was analyzed by fitting spatial-frequency subsets to recover absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs') parameters.
  • Performance was compared against a standard two-layer diffusion model using δ-P1 variants.

Main Results:

  • The multi-frequency SFDI framework accurately estimated optical properties in layered phantoms.
  • Recovered μs' values were bounded by known layer properties and showed predictable shifts with spatial frequency and layer thickness.
  • δ-P1 variants significantly outperformed the standard diffusion approximation, reducing root-mean-square percentage errors (RMSPE) for μs' estimation.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-frequency laparoscopic SFDI provides depth-sensitive optical property measurements in layered tissues.
  • This technique is a practical step towards accurate fluorescence correction for individualized CPT treatment planning and monitoring in ovarian cancer.