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Related Concept Videos

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion. The...
Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient01:17

Factors Affecting Activity Coefficient

The extended Debye-Hückel equation indicates that the activity coefficient of an ion in an aqueous solution at 25°C depends on three partially interdependent properties: the ionic strength of the solution, the charge of the ion, and the ion size. 
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z Scores and Unusual Values01:07

z Scores and Unusual Values

The z score is one of the three measures of relative standing. It describes the location of a value in a dataset relative to the mean. z scores are obtained after the standardization of the values in a dataset. The z score for the mean is 0.
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Reaction Quotient02:35

Reaction Quotient

The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines01:14

Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines

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Introduction to z Scores

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition
14:01

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: May 22, 2015

Telephone Games: How Issues With Common Citation Practices Established the Inverse Efficiency Score.

Heinrich R Liesefeld1, John Christie2, Markus Janczyk1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Germany.

Experimental Psychology
|July 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The inverse efficiency score (IES), commonly used in psychological studies, is not well-validated and may hinder research. This review highlights issues with its application and academic reliance on secondary information.

Keywords:
combined performance measuresmetasciencequestionable research practicesslow sciencespeed–accuracy tradeoff

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition
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Published on: May 22, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Experimental Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • In experimental psychology, response speed and accuracy are key dependent variables.
  • Choosing between speed and accuracy is challenging, especially with speed-accuracy tradeoff variations.
  • The inverse efficiency score (IES) is often used to combine these measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the inverse efficiency score (IES) in psychological research.
  • To trace the historical application and validation of IES.
  • To identify methodological flaws and cultural issues in the use of IES.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of inverse efficiency score (IES) applications.
  • Analysis of historical usage and validation studies.
  • Incorporation of insights from contemporary witnesses.

Main Results:

  • The general application of IES lacks endorsement in original sources.
  • Recent validation studies indicate IES is unsuitable for its intended purposes.
  • IES popularity may have impeded progress on combining speed and accuracy measures.

Conclusions:

  • The widespread use of IES is based on flawed academic practices and appeals to authority.
  • There is a need to critically evaluate methodological tools and encourage reliance on primary sources.
  • Improving academic culture requires valuing source verification and honest reporting of information reliance.