Myelin Alteration in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Integrating Clinical and Preclinical Evidence

Myelination is a fundamental neurobiological process that enables rapid and efficient neural signal transmission, playing a key role in shaping brain connectivity and function-particularly during early development. Given the high energetic cost and tight developmental timing of myelination, disruptions in myelin formation or maintenance can increase vulnerability to genetic and environmental factors during critical periods. As such, impaired myelination and oligodendrocyte dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of myelin-related changes in the pathophysiology of NDDs-including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), intellectual developmental disorders, and communication, motor, and specific learning disorders-integrating findings from both animal models and human research. Taken together, the evidence suggests that myelin-related pathways represent a common point of vulnerability across disorders and may offer a potential target for intervention.