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Beyond chemotherapy: the evolving role of photodynamic therapy in triple-negative breast cancer
Hannah H Rashwan1, Hassan M E Azzazy2
1Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
Abstract:
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, making it unresponsive to targeted hormonal or HER2-based therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising approach capable of inducing localized cytotoxicity, disrupting tumor vasculature, and stimulating anti-tumor immunity through the generation of reactive oxygen species. This review explores the diverse therapeutic applications of PDT in TNBC models. We categorize and summarize primary studies by photosensitizer class-porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, and novel nanotechnology-formulated agents-discussing delivery strategies, combination regimens, and mechanisms of cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, we examine innovative approaches such as photoimmunotherapy, metabolic co-targeting, and self-activating systems. PDT's ability to employ multiple tumor vulnerabilities offers a unique therapeutic opportunity in TNBC. Continued translational research and optimization of delivery platforms may accelerate the integration of this approach into clinical practice.
Insights
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows promise for treating aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by generating reactive oxygen species to kill cancer cells and boost immunity. This review highlights PDT
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Photochemistry
- Immunology
Background:
- Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype lacking standard therapeutic targets.
- Current treatments for TNBC have limitations due to its aggressive nature and lack of specific receptors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the therapeutic applications of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models.
- To categorize PDT approaches by photosensitizer class and discuss innovative strategies.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of studies on PDT for TNBC.
- Categorization of photosensitizers (porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, nanotechnology-based agents).
- Analysis of delivery strategies, combination regimens, and cell death mechanisms (apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis).
Main Results:
- PDT demonstrates efficacy in TNBC models by inducing cytotoxicity and disrupting tumor vasculature.
- Various photosensitizer classes and delivery systems show potential.
- Innovative approaches like photoimmunotherapy and metabolic co-targeting are emerging.
Conclusions:
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a versatile therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by targeting multiple tumor vulnerabilities.
- Further translational research and optimized delivery platforms are crucial for clinical integration.
- PDT's ability to stimulate anti-tumor immunity presents a significant advantage.
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