Acute Toxicity Following Occupational Exposure to Anti-Fouling Marine Paints: A Case Series of Five Adult Patients

Anti-fouling marine paints contain toxic components such as copper-based biocides, organotin compounds, and volatile organic solvents. Acute occupational exposure may result in respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and neurological manifestations; however, clinical data in emergency medicine regarding such exposures remain limited.

Five male shipyard workers aged 23-39 years presented to the emergency department following acute occupational exposure during anti-fouling paint application. Three patients experienced inhalational exposure and presented with dyspnoea and throat irritation requiring supplemental oxygen therapy. One patient presented with nausea and vomiting and was found to have a two-fold elevation in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Another patient reported dizziness, throat burning, and palpitations. Other laboratory parameters were within normal limits. All patients were hospitalised for close observation and received supportive treatment, including oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and symptomatic management. No severe systemic toxicity or organ failure developed. Clinical and laboratory findings improved within 72 hours, and all patients were discharged without complications.

Acute exposure to anti-fouling marine paints may cause heterogeneous clinical presentations, including respiratory compromise and transient hepatic enzyme elevation. Emergency physicians should recognise this occupational hazard and consider extended observation and supportive management when clinically indicated.