Assessment of biological age for aging evaluation and its clinical applications

As the global population ages, the development of methods that can accurately quantify individual aging status and overcome the limitations of chronological age assessment has become an important need in aging research and precision medicine. Biological age serves as an important tool for assessing an individual's true physiological aging process and disease risk by integrating multi-omics data and organ-specific biomarkers. In this review, we systematically summarize the development of methods for assessing aging, with a focus on the construction strategies and evolution of aging clocks based on epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic markers. We also discuss emerging approaches for organ-specific aging assessment based on imaging data and the integration of multi-omics data. By synthesizing evidence for the clinical applications of these approaches in the early screening and risk stratification of aging-related diseases, personalized interventions, and health management, we further highlight the importance and translational potential of biological age in precision aging assessment and intervention.