The Renewable Energy Landscape: Power-to-X, Land Competition, and Ecological Balance in Denmark

As Denmark continues to move towards a more decarbonized future, Power-to-X (PtX) technologies are becoming an important part of green energy and fuel. These technologies also have significant impacts on land and social equity. This study combines spatial analysis, qualitative case studies, and stakeholder mapping to analyze how PtX expansion interacts with land allocation and existing socio-economic inequalities within Denmark. Spatial mapping using geographical information systems (GIS) reveals that PtX infrastructure is more heavily sited in rural areas, heightening competition for land, environmental impacts, and economic impacts on local communities. These burdens affect rural communities more than urban ones. Case studies of three PtX facilities highlight how different planning and community engagement strategies produce varying outcomes. Stakeholder analysis identifies key tensions between developer actions and public response. Findings show that, while PtX can improve Denmark's energy security, a proactive policy is needed to ensure benefits are shared equally and community concerns are addressed. Recommendations include mandating early community engagement, prioritizing existing industrial sites, strengthening local benefit-sharing programs, enhancing environmental and social impact assessments, and expanding community education. This approach is crucial for Denmark to integrate PtX at scale while addressing spatial and socio-economic tradeoffs.