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Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
Published on: September 18, 2020
Refining the Delivery of a 16-form Tai Chi Program for Chronic Ankle Instability: A Modified Delphi Study
Qian Qian1, Patrick C Wheeler1,2, Daniel T P Fong1
1National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough.
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
|July 17, 2026
Summary
This study refined a 16-form Tai Chi program for chronic ankle instability (CAI) using expert consensus. The refined program provides a standardized framework for future clinical trials investigating Tai Chi for CAI.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Rehabilitation Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
Background:
- Chronic ankle instability (CAI) often requires targeted rehabilitation strategies.
- Tai Chi offers potential benefits for balance and proprioception, crucial for ankle stability.
- Standardizing Tai Chi programs is essential for reliable clinical application.
Purpose of the Study:
- To refine the delivery of a 16-form Tai Chi program specifically for individuals with CAI.
- To establish a consensus-based framework for program delivery through a modified Delphi process.
Main Methods:
- A modified Delphi process involving 18 Tai Chi and sports science experts.
- Utilized a 10-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire over two rounds.
- Consensus criteria included ≥70% agreement, median score ≥4, and low interquartile range and coefficient of variation.
Main Results:
- Initial expert ratings required revisions, with Cronbach's alpha at 0.93 and Kendall's W at 0.704.
- Following revisions, all items met consensus criteria in round 2 (alpha=0.94, W=0.712).
- The final program incorporated 10 modifications and 6 additions, with preliminary validation from CAI participants.
Conclusions:
- A standardized, consensus-driven delivery framework for a 16-form Tai Chi program for CAI was successfully developed.
- Further clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the program's efficacy on ankle-specific outcomes.
