p-Phenylenediamines and their quinone derivatives in a typical megacity: Occurrence, transformation, and exposure
Jinhao Dong1, Lingyan Zhang2, Weitao Liu3
1Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Abstract:
As emerging pollutants, p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their quinone derivatives (PPD-Qs) pose potential threats to the urban environment and public health. However, their occurrence and transformation characteristics in the urban terrestrial environment, particularly in soils of residential living regions, and their partitioning behavior in urban aquatic water-sediment systems, remain poorly understood. This study investigated the concentrations of PPDs and PPD-Qs in road dust, soil, water, and sediment samples from Shenyang, the largest city in Northeast China. The distribution characteristics of these pollutants across various functional regions and administrative districts were analyzed, along with their migration, transformation dynamics, and potential environmental risks. The results revealed widespread detection of all PPDs and PPD-Qs, with the highest concentrations in road dust from parking lots (medians: 275 and 310 ng/g), urban tunnel roads (238 and 192 ng/g), and highway toll gates (122 and 162 ng/g). Pollutants can migrate vertically and cross-media, with concentrations in deep soil generally lower than in topsoil. Source-indicative PPDs and PPD-Qs were identified across different terrestrial functional regions, and total organic carbon and transition metals (e.g., Fe, Cu) were influence factors of PPDs transformation. In the sediment-water system, the partitioning coefficients of PPDs (570.02-8.75 ×104 L/kg) were higher than those of PPD-Qs (43.10-1.85 ×104 L/kg), with concentrations influenced by surrounding road dust contamination. Human exposure assessment suggests that children face higher exposure potential risk due to dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. These findings offer crucial insights into the environmental fate and risk management of PPD-related emerging contaminants.
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