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Updated: Aug 6, 2026
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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
Published on: February 3, 2021
Air-processed high-quality additive-free FAPbI3 enabling efficient and reproducible perovskite solar cells
Sajid Sajid1, Hameed Ullah1, Juliana Dos Santos de Souza2
1Department of Physics and Meteorology, School of Sciences, S, o Paulo State University (UNESP), ã, Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil. fary_sajjo@yahoo.com.
Nanoscale
|July 17, 2026
Summary
Humidity control during annealing is key for high-quality formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite films. This study demonstrates a humidity-mediated method yielding efficient, stable perovskite solar cells without additives.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Optoelectronics
- Renewable Energy
Background:
- Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite optoelectronic properties are sensitive to processing, especially annealing humidity.
- Current methods often use additives or antisolvents, limiting high-quality FAPbI3 film fabrication without them.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a humidity-mediated annealing strategy for fabricating high-quality, neat FAPbI3 perovskite films.
- To investigate the effect of relative humidity on FAPbI3 crystallization and device performance.
Main Methods:
- Two-step sequential deposition of FAPbI3.
- Ambient-air annealing with controlled relative humidity (RH).
- Systematic tuning of RH levels (33%, 39%, 54%) during annealing.
Main Results:
- Optimal FAPbI3 film quality achieved at 33% RH, resulting in high phase purity, crystallinity, large grains, and minimal defects.
- Fabricated n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs) reached a 19.51% power conversion efficiency.
- Humidity-mediated annealing outperformed nitrogen glovebox processing (16.53% efficiency) and improved device stability and hysteresis.
Conclusions:
- Humidity-mediated annealing is an effective strategy for producing high-performance FAPbI3 perovskite films without additives or antisolvents.
- Controlled humidity during annealing is crucial for optimizing FAPbI3 crystallization and device characteristics.
- This method offers a simpler, more robust approach to perovskite solar cell fabrication.
