Standardization of Dental Radiographic Techniques Using a Handheld X-Ray System in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Dental radiology is a valuable diagnostic tool commonly used during comprehensive oral health assessments and treatments (COHAT) and oromaxillofacial surgical procedures in companion animals and humans. However, standardized techniques for dental radiography in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) remain underdeveloped. This study aimed to establish practical and reproducible methods for obtaining high-quality dental radiographs in rhesus macaques using the handheld X-ray system. Initially, anatomic landmarks, optimal X-ray beam, and sensor angles were determined using a preserved rhesus macaque skull. These techniques were subsequently applied to 12 anesthetized rhesus macaques for dental radiographic assessment and presurgical planning. Radiographs were successfully obtained for maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. In addition, several examples of common dental pathologies, including periodontal disease, root resorption, and tooth fractures, were documented. This study provides detailed techniques for dental radiography in rhesus macaques, demonstrating its utility as a diagnostic adjunct for identifying dental pathology and planning oromaxillofacial surgical procedures. The use of dental radiographs enhances diagnostic accuracy, improves surgical outcomes, and contributes to the overall welfare of rhesus macaques in research and clinical settings. These findings establish a foundation for the broader application of dental radiology in nonhuman primates and underscore its importance in advancing veterinary care.