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Published on: March 14, 2025
Association between conventional cigarette smoking behavior and peri-implantitis: a survey-based cross-sectional
Hyeok-Jun Yang1,2, Yeon-Tae Kim3, Jae-Hong Lee4,5,6
1Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
BMC Oral Health
|July 17, 2026
Summary
Higher daily cigarette consumption increases the risk of peri-implantitis (PI). Moderate to heavy smokers face significantly higher odds of developing PI compared to non-smokers.
Area of Science:
- Dental Implantology
- Periodontology
- Public Health
Background:
- Smoking is a known risk factor for peri-implantitis (PI).
- The relationship between smoking intensity and PI risk needs further clarification.
- This study quantifies PI risk based on daily cigarette consumption.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between smoking intensity and peri-implantitis (PI).
- To categorize current smokers by daily cigarette consumption and assess PI risk.
- To inform peri-implant risk evaluation by quantifying smoking-related risks.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study of 1,021 patients with dental implants.
- Peri-implant conditions assessed using clinical and radiographic criteria.
- Smoking exposure categorized: non-smoker, former smoker, light (1-9/day), moderate (10-19/day), heavy (≥20/day).
- Logistic regression analysis adjusted for relevant covariates.
Main Results:
- Peri-implantitis (PI) detected in 14.7% of participants.
- Moderate smokers had 2.01 times higher odds of PI (AOR=2.01).
- Heavy smokers had 3.57 times higher odds of PI (AOR=3.57).
- Former and light smokers showed non-significant associations with PI.
Conclusions:
- Increased daily cigarette consumption is linked to higher peri-implantitis (PI) odds.
- Smoking 10+ cigarettes daily significantly elevates PI risk.
- Clinical assessment of daily cigarette consumption is crucial for peri-implant risk evaluation.
- Further longitudinal studies are recommended to confirm causality.
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