Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Nutrition: A Narrative Review

Nutrition plays a pivotal role in determining the health outcomes of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), particularly those undergoing antiretroviral therapy. This narrative review explores the bidirectional relationship between HIV and nutritional status, highlighting both undernutrition and overnutrition as significant concerns. Evidence suggests that deviations from recommended dietary allowances negatively impact CD4 counts, body mass index, hemoglobin levels, and overall quality of life (QoL). Multiple studies reveal a growing prevalence of obesity among PLHIV, particularly among males, raising concerns about comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Conversely, undernutrition remains a persistent issue in resource-limited settings and is associated with increased mortality and opportunistic infections. Socioeconomic factors, food insecurity, education, and behavioral practices strongly influence dietary habits and nutritional outcomes. In addition, studies from diverse geographic regions underscore the role of nutrition in modulating QoL, with mental health, social support, and education emerging as key determinants. A comprehensive, context-sensitive approach to nutrition is vital for optimizing HIV care and long-term management.