[Research Progress on Extraction and Detection Techniques of Microplastics in Environmental Media and Biological...

Microplastics （MPs）， emerging environmental pollutants derived from widespread use， are widely detected in various environmental media and organisms. Studies have shown that MPs are significantly associated with the growth， development， and reproductive capacity of animals and plants， as well as the occurrence and development of human diseases. However， research on the environmental behavior mechanisms and health risk assessment of MPs faces significant challenges due to complex sample pretreatment and insufficient detection sensitivity. Therefore， establishing a systematic， high-accuracy， and efficient MPs analysis technology system is critical. This review systematically expounds optimization strategies of MPs pretreatment methods based on the characteristics of different matrices （natural environment， animals， plants， and human tissues）. The working principles， applicable scenarios， and technical limitations of microscopic analysis technology， molecular spectroscopy technology， mass spectrometry technology， and other emerging detection methods were elaborated in detail. Future development directions proposed include non-destructive pretreatment techniques， nanoscale plastic （NPs） separation and enrichment methods， and high-sensitivity multi-dimensional detection technology. This work provides a new theoretical framework and methodological reference for in-depth exploration of the migration and transformation laws of MPs in the environmental-biological system and research on ecological health risk assessment.