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READY-T1D-assessment of Research and Service Delivery Readiness for paediatric Type 1 Diabetes: a multi-country
John T Figi1,2, Hugh Pearson1,2, Salma Ahkouk3
1Health Systems Innovation Lab, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
Insights
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) care is improving globally, but clinics need better resources and research readiness. Enhancing multidisciplinary staffing and digital infrastructure is key for advancing T1D services and research in children and adolescents.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- Global Health
- Diabetes Research
Background:
- Rising global incidence of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), especially in LMICs.
- Significant gaps in T1D access, treatment, and high preventable mortality rates.
- Need to assess readiness for T1D service delivery and research in LMICs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess service provision and research preparedness in pediatric T1D clinics.
- To evaluate readiness using the READY-T1D tool across 21 countries.
- To identify areas for capacity development in T1D care.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional online survey of 244 clinics across 21 countries (Nov 2024 - Nov 2025).
- Utilized the READY-T1D tool assessing Service Provision and Research Preparedness (0-4 scale).
- Descriptive statistics and comparative analysis of clinic, component, and domain scores.
Main Results:
- Mean scores: Service Provision 2.5 (SD 0.6), Research Preparedness 1.8 (SD 0.8).
- Strengths in resource management and accessibility; weaknesses in testing facilities and staffing.
- Basic care common, advanced diagnostics rare; research readiness hampered by data systems, funding, and governance.
Conclusions:
- Pediatric T1D clinics in GC-CDiC countries have core care elements but lack comprehensive readiness.
- Significant variation in capacity exists within and between countries.
- Priorities for improvement include staffing, digital infrastructure, and research governance for global studies.
Background:
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence is rising globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that face major gaps in access and treatment and high levels of preventable mortality. We developed READY-T1D (Research and Service Delivery Readiness in Type 1 Diabetes) to assess service provision and research preparedness in clinics providing T1D services to children and adolescents as part of the Global Collaborative for Changing Diabetes in Children (GC-CDiC).
Methods:
From November 15th, 2024, to November 14th, 2025, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey of clinics caring for individuals living with T1D aged ≤20 years across 21 countries participating in GC-CDiC. The tool enabled assessment and scoring in two domains, Service Provision and Research Preparedness, each made up of five components (score on 0-4 scale, where 4 = highest readiness). Descriptive statistics were generated for clinic characteristics, item-level metrics, component scores, and domain scores, and compared across countries.
Findings:
We analysed 244 clinics (69% CDiC centres, 14% satellites, 17% non-CDiC) across 21 countries. Mean scores were 2.5 (SD 0.6) for Service Provision and 1.8 (SD 0.8) for Research Preparedness, with substantial variation within countries. While resource management and accessibility scored highly, testing facilities and staffing were weaker. Basic care (HbA1c, complication screening) was common, but advanced diagnostics and continuous glucose monitoring were rare. In research, clinics reported high scheduled visit frequency, but often lacked secure data systems, funding, and ethical governance.
Interpretation:
Clinics providing care for children and adolescents with T1D in GC-CDiC participating countries possess core care elements and report frequent scheduled patient contact but lack comprehensive readiness for service delivery and research. Capacity varies widely both within and between countries. Priorities for investment for capacity development to improve care in studied clinics include multidisciplinary staffing, digital infrastructure, and research governance to support the Global T1D Cohort Study.
Funding:
The study was supported by an unrestricted grant from Novo Nordisk, which had no role in study design, protocol development, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the report.
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