G-Quadruplexes: Structural Diversity and Emerging Roles in Biomolecular Condensation

Area of Science:

• Molecular Biology
• Biochemistry
• Genetics

Background:

• G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-classical nucleic acid structures with diverse cellular roles.
• The mechanisms of endogenous G4 assembly into cellular condensates are not fully understood.
• Biomolecular condensates, often linked to liquid-liquid phase separation, form via weak intermolecular interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the latest structural classifications of G4s.
• To discuss the regulatory role of G4s in biomolecular condensation.
• To explore the physiological and pathological functions of G4-driven condensates.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent breakthroughs in G4 structural classification.
• Analysis of studies on G4s in cellular condensation.
• Synthesis of findings on G4-driven condensate functions.

Main Results:

• G4s exhibit both intramolecular and intermolecular structures in cells.
• G4s act as structural platforms, facilitating and regulating condensate formation and phase transitions.
• G4-driven condensates are involved in chromatin organization, stress granules, paraspeckles, transcription, telomere maintenance, protein aggregation, and viral inclusions.

Conclusions:

• G-quadruplexes are key regulators of biomolecular condensate formation.
• G4-driven condensates have broad implications in cellular processes and diseases.
• Further research into G4s and condensates can elucidate disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.