Psychological correlates of self-reported code switching among Black Americans

Code switching is a concept that describes the ways people adapt their communication in different social settings, especially when there is potential for them to encounter social bias. In this study, we examine the psychosocial processes that are correlated with participants' self-reports of these everyday adaptations in their communication (i.e., participants' self-reported code switching tendencies). This work yields insight into potential social and psychological motivations for perceived code switching tendencies among individuals who face social stigma.

Two samples of Black American participants (Study 1: N = 342, M_age = 37.12; Study 2: N = 411, M_age = 42.53) were recruited online using Prime Panels to complete a survey about their language use and behavior in 2021 and 2022. Using these data, we examined correlations between psychosocial variables related to how people see themselves (i.e., self-identity), how they relate to others (i.e., social relations), and self-reported code switching.

Of the self-identity variables, participants' perceptions of their Black (but not American) identity were significantly associated with their self-reported code switching tendencies. Of the social relation variables, participants' stereotype threat, social connectedness, need to belong, and racial attitudes (but not mentalizing tendencies) were significantly associated with their self-reported code switching tendencies.

Findings from this study highlight the interdependence between self and socially relevant psychological processes and self-reported code switching and deepen our understanding of the processes that may underpin strategic self-presentational choices among Black Americans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).