High-throughput Serial Tomography using an Automated Sample-changing Robot

This manuscript describes a workflow for automated data collection that uses a robotic arm for sample exchange, significantly improving data collection efficiency. The setup, implemented for synchrotron X-ray imaging at the Diamond Light Source (DLS) I13-2, Imaging beamline, utilizes a robot to achieve high-throughput serial tomography (3D) or imaging (2D). At present, for many experiments, the time required for manual sample exchange and alignment is comparable to, or even exceeds, the duration of the tomography scan itself. To maximize the efficient use of available beam time and increase experimental throughput, automating sample exchange and alignment is essential. Using the robot as a sample changer can increase throughput by at least 4-10 times compared to manual procedures, depending on which pixel size is chosen. With the Diamond II machine and the I13L beamlines Operando Coherent TOmography and Ptychographic Imaging (OCTOPI) upgrades, the increased X-ray flux will further reduce the experimental scan times, making the system even more efficient. Furthermore, the automation enables remote data collection, including an optional mail-in service for users. Automated sample centering allows fully unattended scanning, which can be performed remotely. This represents a unique and innovative feature of the system. This manuscript describes the complete procedure, including sample preparation, mounting on specialized holders, transport to the beamline, and placement on the dedicated trays for robotic sample exchange. The procedure for automated sample centering and the subsequent tomography reconstruction pipeline are  presented.