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Updated: Aug 6, 2026
Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse
Published on: March 8, 2013
LiDAR-registered freehand SPECT combined with NIR-fluorescence enables spatial localisation of tracer-avid inguinal
Rick W A Verdijk1,2, Giusi Pisano1,3, Matthias N van Oosterom1,2
1Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO BOX 9600, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Purpose:
Conventional ex vivo molecular assessment of nodal specimens lacks three-dimensional (3D) spatial context, making localisation of tracer-avid sentinel nodes (SNs) within large en bloc inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) specimens challenging. We evaluated the technical feasibility of combining light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-registered freehand SPECT (fhSPECT) with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging for spatially augmented localisation of hybrid tracer uptake in solitary SNs and SNs residing within ILND specimens.
Methods:
Fourteen patients with penile cancer (25 cN0 groins; 3 cN1 groins) underwent radio- and fluorescence-guided lymph node (LN) surgery following preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Resected specimens underwent conventional ex vivo assessment, followed by LiDAR-registered fhSPECT with co-registered NIR-fluorescence imaging. These 3D models were compared with conventional ex vivo assessments, preoperative imaging, and histopathological outcomes.
Results:
In total, 40 solitary tracer-avid LNs and 3 ILND specimens underwent ex vivo assessment. LiDAR/fhSPECT localised radioactive hotspots in 38/40 solitary LNs, consistent with conventional gamma probe assessment, while both conventional and LiDAR-registered NIR-fluorescence imaging detected fluorescent signal in all 40 LNs. Among the 3 ILND procedures, preoperative SPECT/CT identified 6 tracer-avid hotspots within the anatomical resection template. Conventional gamma probe and NIR-fluorescence detected only 4 and 5 hotspots, respectively, whereas LiDAR/fhSPECT localised all 6 hotspots in the corresponding resected specimens. Histopathology identified 6 tumour-positive LNs, all of which were hybrid tracer-avid and effectively localised by LiDAR/fhSPECT.
Conclusion:
LiDAR-registered 3D surface mapping provided anatomical context to radioactive and fluorescent molecular imaging signals, enabling localisation of tracer-avid LNs in complex ex vivo ILND specimens. These findings support the feasibility of spatially augmented localisation of hybrid tracer uptake and warrant validation in larger studies.
