Age-Specific Three-Dimensional Mandibular Norms as an Adjunctive Tool for Detecting Mandibular Growth Disturbances: A...

Normative 3-dimensional mandibular reference values derived from well-defined, symmetrical populations without radiographic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) alterations are limited, yet they are essential for improving diagnostic accuracy in growth-related mandibular disturbances. This study aimed to establish age-stratified CBCT-based normative parameters for mandibular size and condylar morphology in skeletally symmetrical individuals without radiologic signs of articular alterations. A total of 213 CBCT scans were selected from a database of 2400 examinations using strict inclusion criteria (skeletal symmetry and absence of radiographic TMJ alterations). Condylar volume, mandibular ramus length, mandibular body length, and the degree of condylar corticalization were quantified and analyzed by age group, sex and facial biotype. Descriptive statistics, bilateral comparisons, and linear and logistic regression models were applied to investigate associations and define normative parameters (α=0.05). Sex-specific and age-specific reference values were established for mandibular ramus and body lengths and for condylar volume. Complete condylar corticalization showed a strong correlation with chronological age ( P <0.001), with an optimal cutoff at 17 years. The normative dataset provides objective quantitative benchmarks that can complement conventional clinical and imaging evaluations and may support early identification of abnormal mandibular growth patterns, including condylar hyperplasia and ramus hypodevelopment. This study provides robust CBCT-derived normative values for mandibular dimensions and condylar volume across age groups in symmetrical individuals without radiographic condylar alterations. Complete condylar corticalization appears to be a reliable radiologic marker of mandibular ramus growth and maturation, offering clinically useful reference thresholds to enhance diagnostic decision-making in dentofacial assessment.