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Elbow joint loading and spatiotemporal performance under different hand positions during the forward handspring
Beomsoo Kim1, Sabin Chun2, Soo-Ji Han3
1Department of Sport Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul, South Korea.
Sports Biomechanics
|July 21, 2026
Summary
Choosing the right hand position in a forward handspring balances performance and elbow joint safety. The outward hand position (OHP) enhances performance but increases elbow loading, while the parallel hand position (PHP) reduces loading.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Sports Science
- Human Movement
Background:
- The forward handspring is a fundamental gymnastics skill.
- Understanding the biomechanical factors influencing performance and injury risk is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effects of two distinct hand positions (parallel and outward) on elbow joint loading and performance during the forward handspring.
- To determine the optimal hand position for maximizing performance while minimizing injury risk.
Main Methods:
- Nine adolescent male gymnasts performed forward handsprings using parallel hand position (PHP) and outward hand position (OHP).
- Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using motion capture and force plates.
- Elbow joint loading and performance metrics were analyzed.
Main Results:
- The outward hand position (OHP) resulted in greater ground reaction forces, impulse, and flight time, indicating enhanced performance.
- OHP also led to higher elbow adduction moments, suggesting increased elbow joint loading.
- The parallel hand position (PHP) attenuated elbow loading through greater flexion and rotation, with increased shock absorption and propulsion over a longer contact time.
Conclusions:
- Hand position in the forward handspring presents a trade-off between performance enhancement and elbow joint loading.
- Gymnasts and coaches should consider this balance when selecting hand positions to optimize performance and prevent injuries.
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