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Published on: November 24, 2016
Anti-Freezing Janus Hydrogels for Non-Invasive Sweat Glucose and Motion Monitoring in Subzero Environments
Mingyue Gao1,2, Jiarui Liu1,2, Kai Wei1,2
1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai264025, China.
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|July 21, 2026
Summary
This study presents an antifreezing, self-healing hydrogel for wearable sweat sensors. The novel material maintains performance in extreme cold, enabling reliable noninvasive health monitoring.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Biomedical Engineering
- Analytical Chemistry
Background:
- Wearable flexible sweat sensors are crucial for noninvasive health monitoring.
- Stable sensor operation at low temperatures is a significant challenge for current technologies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To design an antifreezing and self-healing hydrogel for robust wearable biosensing in cold environments.
- To develop a sensor capable of stable and sensitive detection of sweat biomarkers at low temperatures.
Main Methods:
- Fabrication of a bilayer Janus hydrogel with a NiTPP/BSA/CFs/PA-PVA sensing layer and a Collagen-PVA self-healing layer.
- Incorporation of phytic acid (PA) to lower the freezing point and enhance low-temperature performance.
- Utilizing nickel(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-modified carbon fibers for selective glucose detection.
Main Results:
- The hydrogel exhibited an antifreezing capability down to -21.4 °C, maintaining high stretchability (623.4%) and strain sensitivity (GF = 1.11) at -20 °C.
- The sensor achieved a low detection limit of 0.68 μM for sweat glucose with robust electrocatalytic selectivity.
- The Collagen-PVA layer provided 87.5% self-healing efficiency and excellent skin affinity.
Conclusions:
- The developed Janus hydrogel integrates antifreezing, self-healing, and multimodal sensing, addressing critical challenges in wearable biosensing.
- This strategy offers a promising solution for reliable health monitoring in extremely cold environments.
