Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and productive performance in Saudi native and carrier pigeon genotypes

This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity, population structure, and productive performance of three Saudi native pigeon populations (Spotted black-beak, SBB; White black-beak, WBB; White white-beak, WWB) in comparison with the Carrier genotype. Four genotypes were reared under identical management conditions. Carcass characteristics were evaluated based on genotype and sex. Egg quality traits, including external and internal characteristics, were determined using standard physical and quality indices. The results demonstrated that genotype was the primary factor influencing carcass composition, slaughter performance, and egg quality traits, while sex had only minor effects on a limited number of traits. Significant differences were observed in breast muscle yield, wing and drumstick proportions, and internal organ percentages. Carrier pigeons exhibited higher internal organ and giblets proportions, whereas SBB and WWB showed superior breast muscle yield. Egg quality traits were also significantly affected by genotype, with the Carrier genotype outperforming native breeds in egg size, yolk color, shell thickness, and shell strength, while WWB showed the lowest values. Genetic distance analysis revealed low to moderate differentiation among populations. SBB and WBB formed a nearly indistinguishable genetic cluster (F_ST = 0.002) and showed close genetic affinity with the Carrier breed. In contrast, the WWB lineage was the most genetically distinct population (F_ST ≈ 0.10). The findings of the current study will be useful for genetic characterization and provide a foundation for developing sustainable genetic improvement and conservation breeding programs for pigeon populations.