Three-Dimensional Cardiac Tissue Models for Pharmaceutical Research

Currently, a large number of drugs with cardiotoxicity are being withdrawn from the market during the clinical use stage, and the types of drugs available for cardiovascular diseases are limited. Two-dimensional models can be utilized to a certain extent to identify drugs with the potential to treat cardiovascular diseases and screen for cardiotoxicity. Still, they fail to reflect the complex physiological activities of the human body accurately. Three-dimensional (3D) models of cardiac tissue have the advantage of simulating the cardiac tissue of the human body, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of drug sensitivity and toxicity screening. This paper examines the types, advantages, disadvantages, and current situation of drug assessment in 3D cardiac tissue models and discusses the common cardiovascular disease models and the application progress in drug research, providing an outlook for the future development trend of 3D cardiac tissue engineering.