Advances in rapid detection technologies for zoonotic diseases: a one health-oriented review

Zoonotic diseases account for the majority of emerging infectious threats and pose unique diagnostic challenges because their surveillance and detection must bridge human, animal, and environmental health sectors. Unlike conventional infectious disease diagnostics, rapid detection of zoonotic pathogens often requires adaptation to cross-species transmission dynamics, heterogeneous sample matrices derived from wildlife, livestock, humans, and environmental sources, as well as field-based surveillance in resource-limited settings. In this review, we summarize recent advances in rapid detection technologies for zoonotic pathogens, including immunological assays, molecular diagnostics, isothermal amplification platforms, biosensors, and microfluidic systems. More importantly, we examine these technologies through a zoonosis-specific perspective by evaluating their suitability for major surveillance scenarios such as wildlife reservoir monitoring, farm-level screening, outbreak-site emergency detection, and laboratory confirmation. We further discuss how the One Health framework reshapes technical demands for pathogen detection, particularly in relation to sample complexity, portability, multiplexing, biosafety, and real-time data integration. Finally, we highlight current bottlenecks and future directions toward integrated, intelligent, and field-deployable diagnostic systems. This review provides a scenario-oriented and One Health-based reference for selecting and developing rapid detection tools for zoonotic disease surveillance and control.