Group A Streptococcus: a case series of infective compartment syndrome

Acute compartment syndrome develops when pressure within a closed osteofascial compartment rises above arterial pressure, disrupting local circulation. It is a surgical emergency; if untreated, it causes ischaemia and ultimately tissue necrosis. The majority of cases arise in the lower limbs secondary to fractures, although crush injuries, vascular injuries, burns, and infections are also recognized causes. Infective compartment syndrome in the absence of open soft-tissue injuries is rare and requires multidisciplinary management including surgical decompression, debridement, and targeted antimicrobial therapy. We report three cases of upper-limb compartment syndrome secondary to Group A Streptococcush, highlighting diagnostic challenges, surgical management, and reconstructive outcomes.