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Understanding Kratom: Pharmacology, Risks, and Relevance to South Dakota Providers
Kianna Thelen1, Carly Cooper1, Michelle Schimelpfenig1,2
1University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine.
Summary
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use is rising in South Dakota, leading to increased clinical cases. Healthcare providers should be aware of its stimulant and opioid-like effects, risks, and dose-dependent responses.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology
- Toxicology
- Public Health
Background:
- Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a Southeast Asian plant, is increasingly used in the U.S. for stimulant and opioid-like effects.
- Healthcare providers face challenges in understanding kratom's pharmacology, risks, and regional impact.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the pharmacology, clinical risks, and regulatory status of kratom.
- To examine poison control trends related to kratom, focusing on South Dakota.
Main Methods:
- This study is a narrative review of existing literature.
- It synthesizes information on kratom's pharmacological profile, clinical implications, and regulatory status.
- Poison control data from South Dakota were analyzed.
Main Results:
- Kratom contains mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, which act on opioid receptors.
- Effects are dose-dependent, ranging from stimulation to sedation.
- Risks include dependency, hepatotoxicity, seizures, and death, especially when combined with other substances. South Dakota poison control calls show a significant increase.
Conclusions:
- Kratom is legal and accessible in South Dakota, contributing to more clinical encounters.
- Healthcare providers should screen patients for kratom use.
- Understanding kratom's dose-response and potential complications is crucial for patient care.
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