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Updated: Aug 6, 2026

Variations on Negative Stain Electron Microscopy Methods: Tools for Tackling Challenging Systems
Published on: February 6, 2018
Advancing New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) through the publication of negative results
Cristiane Caldeira1, Carolina de Oliveira1, Octavio Presgrave1
1FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Abstract:
The non-publication of negative or null results contributes to increased animal use in biomedical research and experimentation, by encouraging the unnecessary repetition of studies. This practice also delays the development, validation and uptake of alternative methods, including New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). This Comment article discusses that recognising and disseminating negative results is important, in terms of accelerating the implementation of alternative methods and supporting replacement, reduction and refinement (the Three Rs).
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