Porous scaffolds for vascularized bone regeneration: a review of recent advances

Bone tissue defects, which are frequently caused by tumors, infections, traumas, and developmental malformations, have been recognized as significant clinical challenges in tissue regeneration. The development of porous scaffolds that demonstrate both effective vascularized bone regeneration capability and mechanical compatibility with native bone tissue has emerged as a prominent research focus. It has been well-established that the osteogenic and vascularization potential of porous scaffolds is predominantly influenced by their material composition, fabrication techniques, and physicochemical properties. In this review, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the multifactorial mechanisms through which porous scaffolds affect osteogenesis and vascularization processes. The current understanding of scaffold-mediated bone regeneration was systematically evaluated, with particular emphasis on the optimization of scaffold characteristics. This review aims to provide new perspectives and theoretical foundations for the application of porous scaffolds in bone tissue defect repair.