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Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Published on: August 20, 2019

When is a muscle at rest? The problem of background activity in brain stimulation

Nicholas P Holmes1

  • 1School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Experimental Physiology
|July 23, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

No abstract available in PubMed .

Keywords:
electromyographymuscletranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

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