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Updated: Aug 6, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
Published on: June 6, 2025
Extracellular vesicle-mediated immunomodulation and targeted delivery: breakthroughs and challenges in rheumatoid
Bo Yang1, Heguo Yan1,2, Ye Zhou1,2
1Zhaotong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China.
Abstract:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovitis, immune dysregulation, and progressive joint destruction. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and primarily involves disruption of immune homeostasis, accompanied by sustained activation of the local inflammatory microenvironment within the joints. Adverse effects, therapeutic resistance, and suboptimal efficacy limit the effectiveness of current clinical interventions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are natural vesicular carriers with intrinsic biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and efficient intercellular communication capacity. By delivering diverse bioactive molecules, EVs modulate immune cell activation and functional equilibrium and enable targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to RA lesion sites via surface marker modification or functional molecule engineering. This strategy represents an emerging direction in rheumatology and immunology research. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the immunoregulatory mechanisms and targeted delivery applications of EVs in RA, examines the technical limitations and major challenges associated with clinical translation, and outlines a theoretical foundation and research perspectives for advancing precision and personalized therapeutic strategies for RA.
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