Understanding Mpox Knowledge, Communication, and Care Engagement Among Black and Latino Gay and Bisexual Men

The monkeypox (Mpox) disproportionately impacted gay and bisexual men (GBM), particularly Black and Latino communities, yet limited research has examined how these populations understood and navigated Mpox-related information and care during the outbreak. This qualitative study explored health communication, trust, and structural factors influencing Mpox knowledge and health care engagement among Black and Latino GBM. Between November 2023 and May 2024, we conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with Black and Latino GBM recruited from a clinic-based sample in San Diego, California. Interviews explored participants' Mpox knowledge, information sources, communication practices, and health care experiences. Data were analyzed using a rapid qualitative analysis approach informed by inductive and deductive coding strategies. Participants described limited and evolving knowledge of Mpox, with information obtained primarily through social media, peer networks, and news media. Mpox messaging was frequently perceived as stigmatizing and identity-based, shaping perceptions of susceptibility and contributing to concerns about discrimination. Peer networks emerged as critical sources of information exchange, normalization, and support related to prevention and care. Participants reported stronger engagement in care and vaccine uptake when interacting with providers perceived as affirming, trustworthy, and knowledgeable about LGBTQ+ health. Limited provider competency in LGBTQ+ care undermined trust and willingness to engage health care systems. Structural inequities, including racism, stigma, and barriers to health care access, further shaped participants' experiences with Mpox prevention. Findings underscore the importance of culturally responsive public health communication, affirming clinical care, and community-informed strategies that leverage peer networks to support equitable Mpox prevention and health care engagement among Black and Latino GBM.