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Immune Microenvironment Engineering for Functional Periodontal Regeneration: Mechanisms, Biomaterial Strategies, and
Ruyi Zhang1, Huachang Zhang2, Wenhua Zeng3
1School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.
Biotechnology Journal
|July 23, 2026
Summary
Periodontitis treatment needs immune system regulation, not just bacterial control, for tissue repair. New immune-engineering strategies offer hope for functional periodontal regeneration by reprogramming the local inflammatory environment.
Area of Science:
- Oral biology and immunology
- Regenerative medicine
Background:
- Periodontitis causes irreversible destruction of tooth-supporting structures.
- Immune dysregulation, not just bacteria, drives tissue breakdown and hinders regeneration.
- Current therapies focusing on microbial control are insufficient for restoring periodontal homeostasis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the regulatory networks of the periodontal immune microenvironment.
- To discuss immune-engineering strategies for periodontal regeneration.
- To provide a framework for immune-based interventions in periodontitis.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on periodontal disease and immune regulation.
- Emphasis on macrophage polarization, neutrophil heterogeneity, and T cell balance.
- Discussion of advanced immune-engineering strategies and transcriptomic findings.
Main Results:
- Periodontal tissue regeneration failure is linked to immune microenvironment dysregulation.
- Key immune players include macrophages, neutrophils, Th17, and regulatory T cells.
- Novel immune-engineering approaches show promise for restoring periodontal homeostasis.
Conclusions:
- Effective periodontal regeneration requires integrated infection management, immune modulation, and inflammatory reprogramming.
- Immune-engineering strategies, including biomaterials and cell-based therapies, are crucial for functional repair.
- Precision immunomodulation targeting specific cell subpopulations offers new therapeutic avenues.
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