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Characteristics of Gender-Diverse Patients With Breast Cancer
Chandler S Cortina1,2, Ruta Brazauskas3, Meghan R Flanagan4,5,6
1Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
JAMA Network Open
|July 23, 2026
Summary
Transgender, nonbinary, and/or gender-diverse (TGD) individuals with breast cancer were younger and diagnosed at earlier stages. Early detection and screening are crucial for this population, with favorable short-term survival rates observed.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Transgender Health
- Cancer Epidemiology
Background:
- Limited data exist on breast cancer characteristics and outcomes in transgender, nonbinary, and/or gender-diverse (TGD) individuals.
- Understanding these disparities is crucial for improving care and outcomes for TGD patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe demographic and clinicopathological variables in TGD breast cancer patients.
- To identify risk factors, detection methods, and treatment characteristics.
- To estimate 5-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and locoregional outcomes.
Main Methods:
- A cohort study analyzed data from 112 TGD individuals diagnosed with breast cancer between 1990 and 2023 across 22 US academic medical centers.
- Data were compared with a larger cohort from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.
- Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon rank sum, chi-squared tests, and Kaplan-Meier analysis for BCSS.
Main Results:
- The TGD cohort (median age 42.5 years) was younger than the SEER cohort (median age 62.0 years).
- TGD patients presented with more hormone receptor-positive and earlier-stage disease (e.g., DCIS).
- A high proportion (51.8%) detected their own breast cancer; 5-year BCSS was 96.2%.
Conclusions:
- TGD individuals with breast cancer are often diagnosed at a younger age and earlier stage, highlighting the need for tailored screening.
- Self-detection was common, suggesting opportunities for enhanced early detection strategies.
- While short-term survival is favorable, further research is needed to establish evidence-based guidelines and long-term outcomes.
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