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Transfer RNA expression, modification, and derived small RNAs in cancer biology and clinical potential
Ming Luo1, Ji'an Liu2, Yang Su2
1Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China.
None:
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is essential for protein synthesis and undergoes diverse chemical modifications that regulate its stability and function. Dysregulation of tRNA expression and modifications, along with the activity of tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, has been increasingly linked to cancer development, influencing tumor proliferation, metastasis, stress responses, and therapy resistance. Here we systematically review the biological features of tRNA and its modifications, elucidate their mechanistic roles in various cancers, and explore the emerging functions of tsRNAs and tRNA-modifying enzymes. We also assess the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of targeting tRNA pathways in oncology. These insights provide a foundation for advancing precision medicine approaches by exploiting tRNA-related mechanisms to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
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