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Anacardic Acid-Modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal and Tribological Performance in
David Alves de Assis1, Denise Ramos Moreira1, Alexandre Carreira da Cruz Sousa1,2
1Laboratory of Polymers and Materials Innovation, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60440-900, Brazil.
ACS Omega
|July 24, 2026
Summary
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with anacardic acid enhance biolubricant performance. These Fe3O4@AAc nanoparticles improve thermal stability, reduce friction, and minimize wear in lubricants.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Tribology
- Nanotechnology
Background:
- Biolubricants offer environmental benefits but often require performance enhancements.
- Magnetic nanoparticles show promise as lubricant additives.
- Anacardic acid is a natural compound with potential surface modification capabilities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize and characterize anacardic acid-functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@AAc).
- To evaluate the effectiveness of Fe3O4@AAc nanoparticles as additives in a trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO)-based biolubricant.
- To assess the impact on thermal stability, rheological properties, and tribological performance.
Main Methods:
- Chemical coprecipitation for Fe3O4@AAc nanoparticle synthesis.
- Characterization using techniques for structure, morphology, thermal properties, and magnetism.
- Incorporation of nanoparticles into TMPTO biolubricant at 0.05 wt% and 0.15 wt% concentrations.
- Evaluation through thermal resistance, rheological, and tribological tests.
Main Results:
- Synthesized Fe3O4@AAc nanoparticles exhibited spherical morphology (14.7 ± 4.2 nm) and good thermal stability.
- Superparamagnetic behavior was maintained after anacardic acid functionalization.
- 0.15 wt% Fe3O4@AAc addition significantly reduced coefficient of friction (COF) to 0.036 and wear scar diameter (WSD) to 0.342 mm.
- Nanoparticles improved thermal resistance and maintained Newtonian behavior up to 80 °C at 0.15 wt%.
Conclusions:
- Anacardic acid functionalization effectively disperses magnetic nanoparticles in biolubricants.
- Fe3O4@AAc nanoparticles act as efficient additives, significantly enhancing thermal and tribological performance.
- The study demonstrates a viable strategy for improving biolubricant properties using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles.
